Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder with potential secondary organ effects including renal, bone, and bone marrow effects as well as neurologic and immune dysfunction. Diagnostic evaluation of MM includes laboratory and radiologic studies along with bone marrow biopsy to confirm diagnosis. Multiple myeloma is a clonal plasma cell malignancy that results from complex interactions between malignant progenitor cells, bone marrow stromal cells, and the bone marrow microenvironment. Multiple myeloma is clinically and pathologically heterogeneous, which results in variability in treatment response and survival. The disease trajectory varies for each patient, but relapses are inevitable and many patients become refractory to treatments. Management of relapsed and refractory (RR) MM requires careful evaluation of individual patient characteristics and the course of the disease. When determining treatment options for patients with RR MM, comorbidities, the frailty and vulnerability of the patient, and the specific adverse event profile associated with each treatment should be considered, as well as the patient's goals. The goal of therapy for patients with RR MM is to achieve disease control with acceptable toxicity and quality of life, which may be accomplished with novel agents, most likely in combination regimens. The integration of these novel agents into the treatment paradigm has shifted the perception of MM from incurable to a disease that may be considered chronic in the near future with a hope for long-term survival and maintained quality of life.
