Abstract
T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) have a unique pathobiology, clinically aggressive course, and poor prognosis. Recently, there have been significant advances in understanding the molecular genetic alterations of TCLs through next-generation sequencing. This has led to the development of specific therapeutic molecules. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the current therapeutic approaches for the subtype peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified.
References
Acrotech Biopharma. (2020). Folotyn (pralatrexate) package insert. http://www.folotyn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Folotyn-PI-09-2020-REF-0255.pdf
Al-Zahrani, M., & Savage, K. J. (2017). Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: A review of current disease understanding and therapeutic approaches. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 31(2), 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2016.11.009
Amador, C., Bouska, A., Wright, G., Weisenburger, D. D., Feldman, A. L., Greiner, T. C.,…Iqbal, J. (2022). Gene expression signatures for the accurate diagnosis of peripheral t-cell lymphoma entities in the routine clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(36), 4261–4275. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.21.02707
Amador, C., Greiner, T. C., Heavican, T. B., Smith, L. M., Galvis, K. T., Lone, W.,…Iqbal, J. (2019). Reproducing the molecular subclassification of peripheral T-cell lymphoma-NOS by immunohistochemistry. Blood, 134(24), 2159–2170. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2019000779
Broccoli, A., & Zinzani, P. L. (2017). Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Blood, 129(9), 1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-08-692566
Brown, C. (2015). Mucositis. In C. G. Brown (Ed.), A Guide to Oncology Symptom Management (2nd ed., pp. 469-482). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Oncology Nursing Society.
Coiffier, B., Pro, B., Prince, H. M., Foss, F., Sokol, L., Greenwood, M.,…Horwitz, S. (2012). Results from a pivotal, open-label, phase II study of romidepsin in relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma after prior systemic therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(6), 631–636. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.37.4223
Coiffier, B., Pro, B., Prince, H. M., Foss, F., Sokol, L., Greenwood, M.,…Horwitz, S. (2014). Romidepsin for the treatment of relapsed/refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: pivotal study update demonstrates durable responses. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 7, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8722-7-11
de Leval, L., & Jaffe, E. S. (2020). Lymphoma classification. Cancer Journal), 26(3), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1097/PPO.0000000000000451
Gutiérrez-García, G., García-Herrera, A., Cardesa, T., Martínez, A., Villamor, N., Ghita, G.,…López-Guillermo, A. (2011). Comparison of four prognostic scores in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Annals of Oncology, 22(2), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdq359
Hathuc, V., & Kreisel, F. (2022). Genetic landscape of peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Life (Basel), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030410
Hayashi, E., Takata, K., Sato, Y., Tashiro, Y., Tachiyama, Y., Sawada-Kitamura, S.,…Yoshino, T. (2013). Distinct morphologic, phenotypic, and clinical-course characteristics of indolent peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Human Pathology, 44(9), 1927–1936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2013.03.002
Horwitz, S., O’Connor, O. A., Pro, B., Illidge, T., Fanale, M., Advani, R.,…Trümper, L. (2019). Brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (ECHELON-2): A global, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 393(10168), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32984-2
Horwitz, S., O’Connor, O. A., Pro, B., Trümper, L., Iyer, S., Advani, R.,…Illidge, T. (2022a). The ECHELON-2 trial: 5-year results of a randomized, phase III study of brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Annals of Oncology, 33(3), 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.12.002
Horwitz, S. M., Ansell, S., Ai, W. Z., Barnes, J., Barta, S. K., Brammer, J.,…Sundar, H. (2022b). T-Cell Lymphomas, Version 2.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 20(3), 285–308. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2022.0015
Luminari, S., & Skrypets, T. (2021). What’s new in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Hematological Oncology, 39(Suppl 1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/hon.2846
Mehta-Shah N. (2019). Emerging strategies in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Hematology. American Society of Hematology Education Program, 2019(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2019000012
Mercadante, S., Aielli, F., Adile, C., Ferrera, P., Valle, A., Fusco, F.,…Porzio, G. (2015). Prevalence of oral mucositis, dry mouth, and dysphagia in advanced cancer patients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 23(11), 3249–3255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-015-2720-y
Merheb, D., Dib, G., Zerdan, M. B., Nakib, C. E., Alame, S., & Assi, H. I. (2022). Drug-induced peripheral neuropathy: Diagnosis and management. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 22(1), 49–76. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568009621666210720142542
Nasr, M. R., Perry, A. M., & Skrabek, P. (2019). Peripheral T cell Lymphoma NOS. In D. Ivan (Ed.), Lymph Node Pathology for Clinicians (pp. 144): Springer.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2022). T Cell Lymphomas. NCCN Evidence Block. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/t-cell_blocks.pdf
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2024). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Hematopoietic growth factors. V.3 2024. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/growthfactors.pdf
O’Connor, O. A., Horwitz, S., Masszi, T., Van Hoof, A., Brown, P., Doorduijn, J.,…Shustov, A. (2015). Belinostat in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: Results of the pivotal phase II BELIEF (CLN-19) study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33(23), 2492–2499. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.59.2782
O’Connor, O. A., Pro, B., Pinter-Brown, L., Bartlett, N., Popplewell, L., Coiffier, B.,…Horwitz, S. (2011). Pralatrexate in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: Results from the pivotal PROPEL study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29(9), 1182–1189. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.29.9024
Oluwasanjo, A., Kartan, S., Johnson, W., Alpdogan, O., Gru, A., Mishra, A.,…Porcu, P. (2019). Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS). In S. Rosen, C. Querfeld, & J. Zain (Eds.), T-Cell and NK-Cell Lymphomas: From Biology to Novel Therapies (Vol. 176, pp. 83–98). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99716-2_4
Ow, K. V., & Brant, J. M. (2021). Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Examining mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome in the context of oncology nursing. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 25(5), 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1188/21.Cjon.555-562
Pro, B., Advani, R., Brice, P., Bartlett, N. L., Rosenblatt, J. D., Illidge, T.,…Shustov, A. (2012). Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) in patients with relapsed or refractory systemic anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: Results of a phase II study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(18), 2190–2196. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.38.0402
Siaghani, P. J., Wong, J. T., Chan, J., Weisenburger, D. D., & Song, J. Y. (2019). Epidemiology and Pathology of T- and NK-Cell Lymphomas. Cancer Treatment and Research, 176, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99716-2_1
Schmitz, N., Truemper, L., Bouabdallah, K., Ziepert, M., Leclerc, M., Cartron, G.,…Tournilhac, O. (2021). A randomized phase 3 trial of autologous vs allogeneic transplantation as part of first-line therapy in poor-risk peripheral T-NHL. Blood, 137(19), 2646–2656. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2020008825
Shelton, B. (2016). Myelosuppresion and second malignacies. In B. H. Gobel, S. Triest-Robertson, & W. H. Vogel (Eds.), Advanced Oncology Nursing Certification Review and Resource Manual (Second Edition) (2nd ed., pp. 451-490). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Oncology Nursing Society.
Smith, E. M. L., & Zanville, N. (2015). Peripheral neuropathy. In C. G. Brown (Ed.), A Guide to Oncology Symptom Management (2nd ed., pp. 531-549). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Oncology Nursing Society.
Swerdlow, S. H., Campo, E., Harris, N. L., Jaffe, E. S., Pileri, S. A., Stein, H.,…Vardiman, J. W. (2008). WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues (Vol. 2): International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Swerdlow, S. H., Campo, E., Pileri, S. A., Harris, N. L., Stein, H., Siebert, R.,…Jaffe, E. S. (2016). The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood, 127(20), 2375–2390. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-01-643569
Thandra, K. C., Barsouk, A., Saginala, K., Padala, S. A., Barsouk, A., & Rawla, P. (2021). Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Medical Sciences (Basel), 9(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci9010005
Timmins, M. A., Wagner, S. D., & Ahearne, M. J. (2020). The new biology of PTCL-NOS and AITL: Current status and future clinical impact. British Journal of Haematology, 189(1), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16428
Toner, K., Bollard, C. M., & Dave, H. (2019). T-cell therapies for T-cell lymphoma. Cytotherapy, 21(9), 935–942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.04.058
Wudhikarn, K., & Bennani, N. N. (2021). How to sequence therapies in peripheral T cell lymphoma. Current Treatment Options in Oncology, 22(9), 74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11864-021-00873-w
Yabe, M., Dogan, A., M, H. S., & Moskowitz, A. J. (2019). Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma. In S. Rosen, C. Querfeld, & J. Zain (Eds.), T-Cell and NK-Cell Lymphomas: From Biology to Novel Therapies (Vol. 176). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99716-2_4
Zain, J. M. (2019). Aggressive T-cell lymphomas: 2019 updates on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. American Journal of Hematology, 94(8), 929–946. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25513
Zain, J. M., & Hanona, P. (2021). Aggressive T-cell lymphomas: 2021 updates on diagnosis, risk stratification and management. American Journal of Hematology, 96(8), 1027–1046. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26270
Zhang, J. Y., Briski, R., Devata, S., Kaminski, M. S., Phillips, T. J., Mayer, T. L.,…Wilcox, R. A. (2018). Survival following salvage therapy for primary refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL). American Journal of Hematology, 93(3), 394–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.24992
Zhang, P., & Zhang, M. (2020). Epigenetic alterations and advancement of treatment in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Clinical Epigenetics, 12(1), 169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-020-00962-x
Zing, N. P. C., Fischer, T., Zain, J., Federico, M., & Rosen, S. T. (2018). Peripheral T-cell lymphomas: Incorporating new developments in diagnostics, prognostication, and treatment into clinical practice-Part 1: PTCL-NOS, FTCL, AITL, ALCL. Oncology (Williston Park), 32(7), e74–e82.